In April 2022, the Atmospheric Environment Monitoring Satellite (DQ-1) was launched with its main payload Aerosol and Carbon Detection Lidar (ACDL). The ACDL is the first spaceborne high-spectral-resolution aerosol detection lidar with great performance in aerosol profile measurement. The accuracy of ACDL was quantified (R² = 0.924) by comparing the aerosol optical depth (AOD) between ACDL and Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). In March 2025, frequent dust events occurred in northern China, generating substantial quantities of dust aerosols. The spatiotemporal distribution characteristics and optical properties of dust aerosols were analyzed. The results indicated that aerosols were mainly concentrated in troposphere, with the depolarization ratio of 0.19–0.38 and the lidar ratio of 38–60 sr, exhibiting typical optical characteristics of dust. The vertical distribution demonstrates a maximum dust aerosol layer height reaching 5 km, while spatially extending over 1600 km in horizontal dimension. This study confirms the observational advantages of high-spectral-resolution detection technique from ACDL in complex aerosol environments, providing important data for atmosphere pollution research.