Infrared Differential Detectors: A New Paradigm Beyond the Limits of BLIP
Infrared Differential Detectors: A New Paradigm Beyond the Limits of BLIP
Infrared Differential Detectors: A New Paradigm Beyond the Limits of BLIP
Infrared Differential Detectors: A New Paradigm Beyond the Limits of BLIP
Infrared Differential Detectors: A New Paradigm Beyond the Limits of BLIP
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LI Juan, WANG Guan, ZHANG Li-ming, GENG Li-hong, ZHANG Lei, WEN Jian-guo
2025,46(9):1-7
Abstract:
Stirling-cooled infrared focal plane detector modules, characterized by their compact size, low power consumption, and high reliability, are widely used in various infrared systems. Among them, long-range missile weapon systems have high requirements on the startup time of guided operations, but existing infrared focal plane detectors are difficult to meet the corresponding needs. By analyzing the key factors influencing the startup time of infrared focal plane detectors, a novel design approach is proposed. While maintaining the original performance of the detector chip and the detector′s optical, mechanical, and electrical interfaces, a micro-dewar, cryocooler, and drive controller are employed to achieve rapid startup. Experimental results show that the new detector design achieves a cooling time of less than 210 seconds at room temperature. Compared with conventional designs, this design significantly shortens the startup time, meeting project requirements and providing a novel solution for the application of infrared focal plane detectors in missile weapon systems.
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2025,46(9):8-13
Abstract:
As the application of infrared detectors expands, higher requirements are placed on device weight, volume, heat dissipation, and application scenarios. This paper describes a high-operating temperature HgCdTe long-wave infrared detector with large charge handling capacity. Based on capacitance integration multiplexing, the device achieves a charge handling capacity of 27.2 Me- at a 15 μm pixel size. The device performance at different operating temperatures is also analyzed. Results show that at 77 K, the device exhibits exceptional performance, with an effective pixel rate of 99.5%, a rear cutoff wavelength of 8.6 μm, a noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) of 22 mK, and a peak quantum efficiency of 65%. As the operating temperature increases to 110 K, the effective pixel rate reaches 98.5%, with a rear cutoff wavelength of 8.1 μm, a NETD of 28 mK, and a peak quantum efficiency of 40%, achieving a state-of-the-art p-on-n type HgCdTe long-wave infrared detector. This research provides guidance for the fabrication of future high operating temperature devices.
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YANG Mei-hua, XING Xiao-shuai, YANG Hai-yan, HU Yi-lin, LI Qian, WANG Li-jun
2025,46(9):14-21
Abstract:
To minimize the impact of defects in mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) thin films grown by liquid phase epitaxy (LPE) on infrared detector performance, a special surface defect (the frustum-shaped defect) is systematically studied using a variety of characterization methods, including scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX), and focused ion beam (FIB), combined with comparative experiments. These defects range in size from 150 μm to 400 μm and appear as a concave frustum-shaped morphology under an optical microscope. Compositional analysis reveals no significant differences in composition between the defect surface and the film surface without defects. Analysis of the interface between the cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) substrate and the MCT epitaxial layer confirms that the defect is a through-hole defect, originating from triangular tellurium inclusions with holes in the center of the CZT substrate. The tellurium inclusions are almost always larger than 20 μm in size. Therefore, by improving the quality of the CZT substrate and optimizing the substrate screening process, it is possible to effectively reduce the frustum-shaped defects in MCT thin films, improve the quality of the epitaxial material, and meet the development needs of high-performance infrared detectors.
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ZHU Jun-feng, ZHANG Gui-ming, ZHANG Ting, HU Xiao-ning, Wang Tong, LIU Ming, DU Zhi-qiang, JIANG Jin-chun
2025,46(9):22-31
Abstract:
The difference-frequency module is the core component of a tunable terahertz source, and its performance directly affects the efficiency of terahertz wave generation. To increase terahertz output power, 2:1 and 3:1 laser beam reduction systems are designed based on the laser parameters after optical power amplification. This ensures that the spot diameters of the two laser beams are consistent, optimizing the beam combining effect. Polarization calibration is used to maintain horizontal linear polarization of the lasers, thereby fully utilizing the maximum nonlinear coefficient of the crystal. After laser beam combining debugging, the two laser beams can be well combined, and after focusing, a spot with a diameter of approximately 22 μm can be formed, effectively enhancing the difference-frequency effect. Experimental results show that this module has successfully enabled terahertz wave generation.
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FU Li, ZHANG Shuai, DENG Hong-wei
2025,46(9):32-40
Abstract:
To improve the efficiency and accuracy of atmospheric transmittance parameter acquisition in infrared radiation testing, a model for atmospheric transmittance calculation based on the HO-RF algorithm is proposed. Using key environmental factors such as temperature, humidity, operating distance, and atmospheric pressure as inputs, a regression model is established based on the measured data, enabling rapid and accurate atmospheric transmittance calculation. The simulation results show that the proposed model outperforms traditional back propagation (BP) neural network and random forest (RF) models in terms of accuracy, with a root mean square error (RMSE) reduced to 0.010745, an R2 value of 0.95877, and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0080021. This model effectively reduces experimental complexity and outperforms traditional methods in terms of accuracy, stability, and reliability. It can improve the efficiency of infrared characteristic testing for fighter aircraft and has excellent practical application value.
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WANG Gen, YUAN Song, YE Song, FAN Chuan-yu
2025,46(9):41-48
Abstract:
Ground-level fine particulate matter with a diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) has negative impacts on human health and social economy. Most methods obtain PM2.5 data from indirect products of aerosol optical depth retrieved from satellites or daytime top-of-atmosphere reflectivity. This paper aims to directly utilize infrared data from the advanced geosynchronous radiation imager (AGRI) on the Fengyun-4B satellite and artificial intelligence models to perform near-real-time PM2.5 retrievals over the Yangtze-Huaihe region throughout the entire day (including day and night), with a spatial resolution of 4 km and a temporal resolution of 15 minutes. Firstly, the seasonal signal response of AGRI brightness temperature to different PM2.5 levels is explored. Secondly, a study on AGRI brightness temperature retrieval of PM2.5 is conducted based on the random forest method in different seasons. The experimental results show that the correlation coefficients for PM2.5 retrievals in all four seasons exceed 0.87. Finally, the model is interpretable using SHapley additive prediction (given the significant contribution of geographic information to PM2.5), and the application of the proposed product is further explored.
Volume 46,2025 Issue 9
Articles
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ZHANG Min, HAN Fang, KANG Jian, SUN Hao, GUO Liang, LI Chun-ling
2019,40(6):35-43
Abstract:
The characteristics of infrared thermal imaging technology are introduced, and the civilian application of infrared thermal imaging technology in civil aviation, electric power, petrochemical, forest fire prevention, medical and other civil fields is discussed. The market situation of infrared thermal imaging technology is introduced, and the development demand of infrared thermal imaging technology in different application fields are analyzed.
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2008,29(8)
Abstract:
介绍了一种利用MATLAB和数值逼近理论计算费米函数的简捷方法.计算结果的误差在10-6数量级,甚至可以更高.与其他方法相比,该方法具有精度高、使用便捷和速度快等优点.
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2008,29(12)
Abstract:
In this paper,the principle and features of four-wave mixing are given.The generation of four-wave mixing is derived in theory and the applications of four-wave mixing in the DWDM for optical fiber communication,phase conjugation wave generation and real time optical detection are given.The study in this paper is aimed at more completely knowing the application direction of the four-wave mixing, a typical nonlinear optical effect and finding more applications for the four-wave mixing by summing up the existing relatively mature applications and research methods.
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Nie Jianhua, Liu Jiaqing, Meng Xin, Han Shunli
2019,40(6):44-48
Abstract:
In order to realize the reasonable classification of optical spectrometers, the classification study is carried out from the working band and spectroscope of the spectrometer. On the basis of in-depth research on the development status of existing spectrometer products at home and abroad, the related research is summarized and analyzed, and the specific classification methods and classification results are given. At the same time, by using known spectrometry technology and the research result, the comparative research conclusions of spectrometers are introduced, and the key technologies and core components are pointed out. This conclusion can provide spectrometer researchers with a panoramic viewing angle and also provide a valuable reference for tracking industry development.
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2010,31(3):42-46
Abstract:
According to the finite difference principle, a one-dimensional Schr\"{o}dinger equation can be converted into a set of nodal linear equations expressed in a matrix equation after the space is divided into a series of discrete nodes with an equal interval. The matrix left division command offered in the MATLAB software can be used to derive the function approximation of each unknown nodal function. This method is simple in concept, convenient in operation and can solve large linear equations without more efforts in programming.
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2019,40(7):35-46
Abstract:
The noise sources and denoising methods of functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) brain imaging are reviewed. The method and operation of suppressing noise are analyzed and given from the aspects of imaging principle, noise source and occurrence mechanism. The composition and characteristics of the interference are analyzed in detail, the effective removal method is given, and the signal quality algorithm in the process of brain imaging analysis and modeling of near-infrared spectroscopy is improved. These methods can provide guidance for the analysis and processing of near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging data. Three noise sources that affect near-infrared spectroscopy brain imaging signals are summarized: instrumental noise, experimental error and physiological interference from the body. Two practical denoising algorithms are given and the development trend of imaging technology is expounded.
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2008,29(12)
Abstract:
The good properties of THz wave and how to use photoconductive antenna and optical rectification to generate THz wave are described in detail.The applications of THz wave in long distance surveillance,imaging,exploder distinguishing,nondistructive inspection and particularly in the field of military are presented.
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GUO Xiao-Dong, ZUO Zhi-Gao, YUE Song, HONG Pu
2019,40(7):18-25
Abstract:
The theoretical model of infrared point target detection system is systematically analyzed. The transmittance of medium-wave and long-wave infrared light under typical atmospheric conditions is calculated by establishing the atmospheric stratification model and combining the MODTRAN model. The comparison data of the two calculation results can provide reference for the band selection in the design of infrared detection system. By analyzing the theoretical model of infrared radiation intensity of targets, the infrared radiation intensity of several typical targets in different wavebands is calculated, which provides support for the demonstration of operation range for IR system. Based on the probability density distribution function of infrared image noise, the theoretical formulas of image signal-to-noise ratio, system detection probability and false alarm probability are derived, which provide reference for setting detection threshold. The theoretical model analysis results of infrared point target detection system''s operation range can offer an important theoretical support for improving the credibility of infrared detection system''s operation range demonstration and the rationality of system parameter design.
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2010,31(3):11-14
Abstract:
The typhoon center is usually located manually by meteorologists. This location method has a low degree of automation. According to the movement characteristics of typhoon and the meteorological analysis theory, a single infrared satellite cloud image is used to establish a method for extracting the dominant cloud movement vectors. On this basis, the optimal target function for locating the typhoon center automatically is set and resolved. The automatical location of the typhoon with an eye or without an eye is realized. The method is used to simulate the automatical location of the center of typhoon ``HAITANG' in several cloud images obtained in 2005. The result shows that this method has a high location accuracy and can be used as a good technical means for the automatical location of typhoon center.
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2019,40(6):27-34
Abstract:
From the perspective of theoretical numerical simulation and near-field radiation experimental research, the latest research results in near-field thermal radiation heat transfer are introduced. The focus of theoretical research is mainly on heat transfer studies in graphene composites, artificial processing and synthetic metamaterials. The focus of experimental research is on laboratory equipment manufacturing and method innovation based on nanoscale near-field thermal radiation measurements. Very near-field thermal radiation measurements with a minimum distance of only 2 nm have been experimentally implemented. Further research on near-field thermal radiation provides a theoretical basis for thermal photovoltaic, radiant cooling and efficient energy harvesting applications.
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wngxinkun, zhaofang, wangjianjiang
2019,40(7):1-11
Abstract:
With the advent of various new types of detection radars, advanced infrared detectors and precision guided weapons, infrared & radar compatible stealth materials have become the focus of current stealth technology research. The stealth principle and research status of traditional and new infrared & radar compatible stealth materials are reviewed, and the development direction of future infrared & radar compatible stealth materials is summarized and forecasted.
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2013,34(7):15-19
Abstract:
Starting from the Schrodinger equation, the influence of different Al composition and different temperatures on the absorption spectra of wide quantum well infrared photodetectors (QWIP) is studied. It is found that when the Fermi level is fixed, the ground state bound energy of the quantum well may increase with the increasing of the Al composition and the corresponding absorption spectral peak tends to move toward the short wave. In addition, the influence of the ambient temperature on the response spectra of AlGaAs/GaAs QWIPs is negligible. After theoretical calculation, the rule of the absorption spectrum of an AlGaAs/GaAs QWIP changing with quantum well width, Al composition and temperature is given.
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2008,29(12)
Abstract:
第一部分 一、探测与识别 1.高光谱图像的结构模型中正交子空间投影探测器与匹配滤光片的分析比较(P.Bajorski,美国罗彻斯特理工学院)
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Gao Yuxuan, Chen Xingming, Dai Jun, Yang Meixia, Huang Shoubin, Chen Xiang, Hou Zhenyan, Huang Jian
2023,44(4):20-32
Abstract:
Focusing is a key part of the launch focusing device in highenergy laser systems, and the focusing mechanism plays an important role in the targeting and striking accuracy of the system. In order to understand the research status and development trend of focusing mechanism, various types of foreign mature focusing mechanisms are introduced firstly. The principle of their focusing control and the solutions of various technical problems are analyzed. The domestic research situation focuses on four types of focusing mechanisms: cam, screw, worm gear and direct drive. For each form of focusing mechanism, the basic principle of controlling focusing is analyzed, and the design features of the focusing mechanism applied to different systems are introduced. By analyzing the design and control of each type of focusing mechanism, the advantages and disadvantages are summarized and compared, and the design ideas and research directions of the focusing mechanism for high-energy laser systems are proposed to lay the technical foundation for the research on focusing mechanism of high-energy laser systems.
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2011,32(8):25-28
Abstract:
Sea-sky-line detection can be implemented by effectively suppressing the background and enhancing the target in an image according to the features of sea-sky environment. An improved method for wiping off crass points is proposed on the basis of the linear fitting algorithm. The method is simulated with the Matlab software. The simulation result shows that this improved method can effectively detect the positions of the sea-sky-line and ships against the sea-sky background. It provides a good basis for target recognition and image registration.
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PAN Ming-zhong, QI Hong-xing, XIAO Gong-hai, SHU Rong
2010,31(1):1-7
Abstract:
A compact field hyperspectral imaging spectrometer based on a prism-grating-prism structure is presented. The system is designed for the wavelength range from visible light to near infrared. It has 344 spectral bands with the spatial resolution higher than 10 nm and the spectral resolution higher than 1 mrad. To study the unmixing of mixed pixels, the basic principle of the field hyperspectral imaging spectrometer is described, the main specifications of the system is analyzed, the design of the system is discussed in detail and related tests are conducted. The test results show that the system has both higher spatial resolution and higher spectral resolution. Because of its compactness and reliable operation, it is very suitable for field applications. Thus, the feasibility of the use of a compact field hyperspectral imaging spectrometer in the research on the unmixing of mixed pixels is verified.
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2008,29(8)
Abstract:
本文研究由介电系数和磁导率为负的材料组成的一维光子晶体中的电磁波脉冲的传播特性.利用传输矩阵的方法,计算出了该结构中脉冲传播的透射谱和相时间.数值结果表明,在光子带隙的带边和带底会分别出现脉冲传播速度减慢和加快的现象.若周期结构中间存在缺陷层,光子带隙中会出现极窄的透射峰,因此,对应于该频率的电磁波在该体系中传播时速度会变得更加缓慢.
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WUWEI, HANSHUNLI, HOUXIBAO, LIULEI, XIANGGUOQING
2017,38(6):1-7
Abstract:
According to the spectral response curves and dark current of a near infrared two-dolor detector in two different operation wavebands, a signal acquisition system based on the near infrared two-color detector is designed. The system has many current-voltage conversion levels, voltage amplification levels and filter circuit bandwidth levels. It can amplify signals and control bandwidth quickly. Moreover, it provides zero analog signals for four amplify circuits via a Digital-to-Analog (D/A) convertor. This can effectively eliminate the noises caused by the stray light and the dark current of the detector itself. The system has the features of high speed, low noise and high resolution. By using this signal acquisition system, many parameters of the optical system, such as signal-to-noise ratio, dynamic range and minimum measurable power, can be improved.
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BAI Wei, ZHAO Chao, GONG Zhi-hong
2017,38(1):6-11
Abstract:
Combining with the X-ray diffraction technique and the layer-by-layer chemical etch method for peeling damage layers, the depth of the damage layer in InSb crystal introduced by cutting, lapping and polishing was analyzed quantitatively. The structures and causes of damage layers were discussed. The research result showed that cutting was the major process for introducing damage layer on the surface of InSb wafers. The depth of the damage layer introduced by cutting was up to 16 microns. The depth of the damage layer introduced by double-face lapping was about 12 microns. The depth of the damage layer introduced by mechanical-chemical polishing obviously decreased. It was about 2 microns.
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2016,37(4):27-32
Abstract:
An algorithm combining Light of Sight (LOS) with the OpenGL software interface is proposed. The method uses the depth measuring and occlusion query functions of the OpenGL software interface to determine the effective emission surface in the detection direction and the transfer path of its radiation in mediums. Then, it uses LOS to obtain the radiation characteristics of the target in atmosphere in the detection direction. The simulation result shows that this algorithm is effective and has high computation efficiency.
