In recent years, the integration of microphysiological systems (including organoids and organ-on-a-chip) with advanced in-orbit detection technologies is driving a fundamental transformation in the research paradigm of space life sciences. This paper systematically reviews the advantages of microphysiological systems in mimicking the three-dimensional structure and physiological functions of human organs, and summarizes their application practices on platforms such as the International Space Station, covering research progress and key findings in multiple tissue models, including brain, bone, and immune tissue. It also provides a detailed review of the latest developments in in-situ detection technologies such as high-content fluorescence imaging, light-sheet microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and nanopore sequencing. Furthermore, it analyzes major current challenges in the field, including limited technology integration, a lack of long-term culture systems, and insufficient multi-modal data fusion. Finally, it looks ahead to the future development direction of intelligent and integrated space experimental platforms, emphasizing that the deep integration of multi-modal sensing, artificial intelligence, and automation methods will propel space life science research into a new stage of multi-scale, systematic, and precise analysis.