In order to give full play to the advantages of surface analysis in the study and protection of large-format painting cultural relics, a large-format hyperspectral scanning system is developed and a database of traditional pigments is established. Compared with the previous hyperspectral imaging technology for local analysis of cultural relics, the system not only improves the efficiency of analysis, but also can identify pigments and study the relative concentration distribution of the whole painting cultural relics, which can provide great help to the research of complex color mixing technology in painting. At present, the system has been used to analyze and study the Donghuamen ceiling painting in the Forbidden City, the paper painting “Buer zunzhe by Ding Guanpeng”, the silk painting “Tieluo by Shen Qinglan” and the Tangka “Auspicious Heavenly Mother Painting Buddha Statue”, and has been used to extract and enhance the information of hidden diseases of cultural relics, hidden ink stains and manuscript lines. The system is also used in the identification of pigment components and the research of mixing pigment technology. Good results have been obtained, which is of great significance to the research and protection of painting cultural relics.