跨尺度光热超构材料的跨波段红外光谱裁剪与应用
doi: 10.11972/j.issn.1672-8785.2026.01.002
杨传浩 1 , 喻小强 2 , 周林 1
1. 南京大学现代工程与应用科学学院光热调控研究中心,江苏 南京 210023
2. 东南大学物理学院,江苏 南京 211189
基金项目: 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFA1210500);国家自然科学基金项目(62375123);江苏省自然科学基金重点项目(BK20243009)
Cross-Band Infrared Spectral Tailoring and Application of Hierarchical Photothermal Metamaterials
YANG Chuan-hao 1 , YU Xiao-qiang 2 , ZHOU Lin 1
1. Photothermal Manipulation Research Center, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
2. School of Physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
摘要
红外光谱(0.78~30 μm)在物质检测、能源收集、环境感知、国防安全等领域发挥着重要作用。然而,传统材料受限于本征光学常数与热物性的强烈耦合,难以实现对红外光谱的独立、精准裁剪。近年来跨尺度光热超构材料的兴起,为解决这一挑战提供了全新范式。本文利用基于微纳结构设计的多维度、多物理场跨波段红外光谱调控机制,重点阐述了从微观电磁共振到宏观光谱、热场管理,回顾了光热超构材料在构建理想黑体与实现红外隐身方面的进展,并且深入探讨了其在辐射制冷与热光伏等能量应用中的突破。最后,我们展望了该领域在理论研究与工程应用(包括大面积制造工艺及极端环境适应性)等方面面临的挑战与机遇。
Abstract
The infrared spectrum (0.78--30 μm) plays a vital role in materials detection, energy harvesting, environmental sensing, and national defense security. However, traditional materials, limited by the strong coupling between intrinsic optical constants and thermal properties, struggle to achieve independent and precise tailoring of the infrared spectrum. Recently, the emergence of hierarchical photothermal metamaterials has provided a novel paradigm to address this challenge. This paper explores a multi-dimensional, multi-physics cross-band infrared spectral modulation mechanism based on micro-nano structure design, focusing on the evolution from microscopic electromagnetic resonance to macroscopic spectral and thermal field management. It reviews the progress of photothermal metamaterials in constructing ideal blackbodies and achieving infrared camouflage, and delves into their breakthroughs in energy applications such as radiative cooling and thermophotovoltaics. Finally, we outline the challenges and opportunities facing this field in both theoretical research and engineering applications, including large-area manufacturing processes and adaptability to extreme environments.
0 引言
红外热辐射是自然界普遍存在的物理现象,其光谱分布遵循普朗克黑体辐射定律。例如,在室温(~300 K)附近,热辐射的峰值波长位于中远红外波段(8~14 μm),这构成了远场条件下红外探测和热成像的物理基础。另一方面,红外光子与物质的相互作用,已在物质检测[1]、能源利用[2-13]等领域发挥了重要作用。长期以来,红外光谱的调控主要依赖于材料的本征属性[14],如半导体的带隙、金属的等离激元频率等。然而,这种依赖性导致了功能的单一与不可调谐性,无法满足现代光学系统对“按需定制”光谱响应的迫切需求。
超构材料的出现打破了这一桎梏[15-23]。通过人工设计亚波长结构单元,研究者能够获得自然界中不存在的等效电磁参数,从而实现对光场的任意操控[24-25]。当超构材料与热效应深度耦合时,便衍生出光热超构材料这一新兴分支[26-27]。特别是跨尺度设计策略——在纳米尺度调控光子态密度与局域场,在纳米、微米至宏观尺度管理热传导与辐射路径,为实现高效、宽带的红外光谱裁剪提供了强有力的工具。本文旨在梳理这一前沿领域的近期进展,厘清其核心物理机制,总结设计策略并展望未来方向。
1 跨尺度光热超构材料的设计原理和应用领域
跨尺度光热超构材料的核心在于对波长、强度等多维度和光场、热场等多物理场的协同设计与优化。在光学层面上,微观结构(纳米/微米尺度)通过局域表面等离激元共振、米氏共振或构建法布里-珀罗谐振腔,实现对特定波段入射光的高效捕获与吸收;在热学层面上,需统筹考虑宏观结构(亚毫米至厘米尺度)和微纳尺度的热传导、对流及辐射过程,最终实现能量的利用和转化。
借鉴光场传播的近场和远场的概念,本文引入能量的近场和远场,区别在于物体的辐射是否满足普朗克黑体辐射定律[28-30]。当物体间的距离远大于辐射的特征波长时,其辐射满足普朗克定律,为能量的远场,类比光学的远场(夫琅禾费衍射区);对于能量的近场,物体间的距离小于或远小于辐射的特征波长,造成辐射强度超出普朗克定律,此时类比光学的近场(菲涅耳衍射区)。在能量的远场区,主要关注被探测物在探测器上的成像。以强度作为远场信息为例,满足
ε(λ,T)=Mobjfar(λ,T)MBBfar(λ,T) 
(1)
式中,ε(λ, T)为物体在某一温度下的吸收率或发射率;Mobjfar(λ,T)MBBfar(λ,T)分别为物体和黑体在远场区的辐射出射度,满足普朗克定律,即
Mfar(λ,T)=2πhc2λ51exp(hcλkBT1)
(2)
式中,λ为波长;T为温度;h为普朗克常数,h=6.626×10-34J·s;c为光速;kB为玻尔兹曼常数,kB=1.38×10-23 J·K-1
在能量的近场区,由于等离激元等效应的辐射增强[31-32],本文主要介绍光场到热场再到电场的能量转换。能量转换效率η(T)在形式上表示为
η(T)=λ1λ2Mobjnear(λ,T)dλPincηe(T)
(3)
式中,Pinc为入射功率,以电磁波的形式辐射到器件表面,经过辐射、传导、对流等作用,器件产生温升,以电磁场的形式向外辐射能量。近场下物体的辐射出射度Mobjnear (λ,T)不满足普朗克定律,需用近场辐射理论加以解释[33]。辐射的功率经过热-电转换装置,以电能的形式被人类利用。
图1所示,红外波段可细分为近红外、短波红外、中波红外、长波红外、甚长波红外以及远红外等子波段[34]。其中,热光伏[35-36]主要集中在可见光至中波红外波段;辐射制冷的光谱调控还需考虑长波红外波段[37]。从调控维度来看,能源领域的应用主要关注强度的裁剪;而红外隐身技术则因面临多维探测背景[38],不仅需要调控强度[39-40],还需兼顾角度[4149-50]、偏振[42]等维度。特别值得注意的是0.78~30 μm波段,本文将重点探讨该波段光热超构材料在光学黑体、红外隐身、辐射制冷和热光伏等方面的系列进展,并作简要的讨论和展望。
1 跨波段红外光谱裁剪的应用领域(包括光学黑体、红外隐身、辐射制冷和热光伏)
Fig. 1 Application areas of cross-band infrared spectral tailoring (including optical blackbody, infrared camouflage, radiative cooling, and thermophotovoltaics)
2 研究进展
2.1 光学黑体
光学黑体在杂散光抑制[43]、辐射计量[44]、太阳能界面水蒸发[26-27,45]等方面具有重要作用。此外,地外空间等严苛环境下工作的星载红外遥感等精密设备,不仅要求光学黑体具有高发射率和高稳定性,而且还要求其不脱落、抗辐射、轻量化。如图2(a)所示,光学黑体的理想吸收率或发射率为1。此时物体一般与环境达到热平衡,即物体温度(Tobj)和环境温度(Tenv)相等,探测器接收物体表面的反射信号R或透射信号T。根据1-R-T=A计算常温物体的发射率。高温物体的发射率应参考式(1)。
跨尺度超构材料通过构建梯度折射率结构或陷光结构,有效抑制了界面反射,实现了接近理想的黑体辐射特性。2016年,Zhou L等人基于氧化铝模板,利用金纳米颗粒的自组装构建了跨尺度多孔金属结构(见图2(b))。该结构通过局域表面等离激元共振、多重散射效应以及氧化铝的本征吸收,在0.4~10 μm范围内实现了类黑体的超宽带吸收[26-27]
2 (a)远场条件下物体的吸收/反射光谱(η为物体的吸收率或发射率);(b)基于金纳米颗粒的三维金属光热超构材料[27];(c)基于多层膜和锥形结构的梯度谐振器[46];(d)基于飞秒加工技术的金属微腔黑体[47]
Fig. 2 (a)Absorption/reflection spectra of objects under far-field conditions (η is the absorptivity or emissivity of the object);(b) Three-dimensional metallic photothermal metamaterials based on gold nanoparticles [27];(c) Gradient resonators based on multilayer films and conical structures [46];(d) Metal microcavity blackbodies fabricated using femtosecond fabrication technology [47]
2024年,Ren Z等人基于梯度谐振器设计,利用多层膜干涉与锥形腔体的协同效应,实现了0.2~5 μm 波段约93%的高效吸收,如图2(c)所示[46]。2025年,Ng C-K等人利用飞秒加工技术制备了图2(d)所示的直径为100 μm、厚度约为100 μm的金属微腔,在2.5~20 μm波段实现了平均值为94%的吸收效率[47]。这些工作不仅验证了跨尺度结构在全向光捕获方面的优势,更为高分辨率热成像打印与红外加密技术奠定了物理基础。
2.2 红外隐身
当物体温度高于绝对零度时,由于自身带电粒子的无规则热运动而自发辐射电磁波[48]。绝大多数常温物体(300 K左右)的热辐射能量主要集中于中远红外波段(8~14 μm)。随着温度升高,辐射峰值也会蓝移至近红外乃至可见光波段(见图3(a))。相应地,红外隐身技术也面临着多波段光学响应的协同调控挑战。具体而言,可见光波段的视觉伪装要求材料具备高吸收率以实现低亮度显示,而红外波段的热信号抑制则要求材料具备低发射率以匹配背景温度(见图3(b))。这种光热光学属性的固有冲突,使得单一材料往往难以同时满足双波段的隐身需求。
为化解这一矛盾,如图3(c)所示,Lin Z等人设计了一种基于多孔氧化铝模板与金纳米颗粒自组装的跨尺度超构材料,在可见光波段实现了低亮度、多背景兼容的迷彩效果;同时,通过调控微纳结构的辐射阻抗,在3~14 μm波段实现了超低发射率(约3.8%)。该材料还兼具耐高温、抗紫外辐照等特性[39]。Fang S等人提出了一种基于金纳米颗粒自组装空心柱结构的光热超构材料(见图3(d)),实现了可见光高吸收率(约0.947)与红外低发射率(中红外波段约0.074、远红外波段约0.045)的协同调控。这些突破性进展表明,通过精准的跨尺度结构设计,可以有效解耦可见光与红外波段的光学响应,为夜间或太空环境下的双波段隐身提供了可行的技术路径[40]
3 (a)不同温度下黑体的辐射出射度随波长的变化曲线;(b)理想的红外隐身的光谱;(c)基于多孔氧化铝模板与金纳米颗粒自组装的超材料胶带 [39];(d)基于纳米颗粒自组装空心柱结构的光热超构材料“类皮肤” [40]
Fig. 3 (a)Curves of blackbody radiative exitance versus wavelength at different temperatures; (b) Spectrum of ideal infrared stealth; (c) Metamaterial tape based on self-assembly of porous alumina templateand gold nanoparticles [39]; (d) Skin-like photothermal metamaterial based on self-assembled hollowcolumn structure of nanoparticles [40]
2.3 辐射制冷
辐射制冷是一种利用太空冷源(约3 K)实现零能耗降温的技术,其核心在于设计选择性辐射体。跨尺度的光热超构材料能够灵活裁剪近红外-甚长波红外范围的光谱,有效地将物体的热量辐射到寒冷的外太空[37]。同时,低成本的米级材料制备也为建筑物涂层等大面积辐射制冷应用需求奠定了工艺基础。
当物体温度低于环境温度时,理想的发射谱如图4(a)所示,在大气透明窗口(8~14 μm)具有高发射率,而在太阳辐射波段(0.3~2.5 μm)具有高反射率,从而最大限度地减少太阳光加热并实现热辐射最大化。Chen Z等人通过构筑图4(b)所示的直径约为5 cm的Si3N4(70 nm)/Si(700 nm)/Al(150 nm)/Si(基底)跨尺度光热材料,实现了大气窗口的选择性发射。通过24 h昼夜循环,在海平面人口稠密地区,光热超构材料已实现比环境空气温度平均降低37 ℃的效果[51]。也有研究表明16~30 μm[52]和3~5 μm的大气窗口可以用作高发射窗口。
当物体温度高于环境温度时,如图4(c)所示,理想辐射体的光谱应在整个红外波段都具有高发射率。实验证明,这种光谱可为外壳的主动冷却器节省高达63%的电力[52]。此外,考虑隔热性能,如图4(d)所示,Chan K-Y等人利用跨尺度的散射以及微纳尺度的反射,开发了一种具有大面积的太阳光波段反射和红外高发射率的各向异性冷却气凝胶板[53]
如果进一步考虑伪装功能,如图4(e)所示,理想光谱至少应在两个大气窗口(3~5 μm和8~14 μm)具有低发射率,以抑制可探测的热辐射信号[55]。例如,Qin B 等人提出了一种空对地伪装策略:材料在近红外波段具有高吸收率,使太阳辐射的反射信号最小化;在中长波红外波段具有低发射率,从而有效抑制热辐射信号;此外,在甚长波红外波段具有高发射率,确保了高效的热管理。在模拟太空环境(1200 W·m-2热输入)中,该材料的温度相对于参考金属降低了39.8 ℃ [54]
4 辐射制冷的若干理想光谱(适配不同场景):(a)物体温度低于环境温度时的理想吸收率/发射率光谱;(b) Si3N4/Si/Al/Si(基底)样品的SEM界面图和选择性发射谱[51];(c)物体温度高于环境温度时的理想吸收率/发射率光谱;(d)气凝胶中跨尺度散射和反射机理的示意图[53];(e)综合考虑背景天空辐射(红色区域)、大气透射率(蓝色区域)以及空间至地面辐射散热的红外伪装的理想发射率/吸收率光谱(绿色曲线)[54]
Fig. 4 Several ideal spectra of radiation cooling (adapted to different scenarios): (a) Ideal absorptivity/emissivity spectrum when the object temperature is lower than the ambient temperature; (b) SEM interfacediagram and selective emission spectrum of Si3N4/Si/Al/Si(substrate) sample [51];(c) Ideal absorptivity/emissivity spectrum when the object temperature is higher than the ambient temperature;(d) Schematic diagram of hierarchical scattering and reflection mechanism in aerogel [53];(e) Ideal emissivity/absorptivity spectrum(green curve) of infrared camouflage considering background sky radiation(red area), atmospherictransmittance(blue area) and space-to-ground radiation heat dissipation [54]
2.4 太阳能热光伏
面对气候变化与能源转型的全球性挑战,发展高效、清洁的可再生能源技术已成为共识。此外,利用化石能源进行工业生产时(工业能耗占我国能耗70%以上),约60%的能量最终转化为余热,而近70%的工业余热未被利用[56-57]。因此,利用广泛分布的太阳能或丰富的工业余热,将热能转化为绿色的电能,对我国实现“碳中和”目标具有重要作用。
热光伏技术是一项将辐射能转化为电能的技术。如图5(a)所示,该技术的核心在于一个高温光谱选择性吸收/发射系统。若以太阳作为热源,理想的吸收器应宽谱捕获太阳辐射(约0.3~2.5 μm),在中远红外波段低发射以降低辐射损耗。然后,利用近场辐射增强效应,将发射器加热至高温(通常大于1300 K),产生窄带热辐射;其光谱被精准“裁剪”以匹配后端光伏电池的最优带隙。理论上可将系统效率提升至85%以上[58],显著超越单结太阳能电池的肖克利-奎伊瑟极限(约32%) [59]
实现高效近场热光伏系统的关键挑战在于高温环境下光谱选择性热辐射的精确、稳定调控。跨尺度光热超构材料凭借其人工设计的微纳结构,为解决这一挑战提供了理想的平台;其光学响应可独立于材料本征属性进行设计,从而实现对高温热辐射光谱的主动“编程”。在近场条件下,辐射换热受到材料[60-61]、结构[62]、温度[63-64]、间距[65]等特性的影响。利用微结构对热光伏电池进行调控以减少辐射损失和提升热光伏系统的能量转化效率,包括多层膜[66-67]、纳米线[68]和表面光栅[69-70]
近期研究中已涌现出多种基于光热超构材料的高性能热发射结构。例如,Yang S等人利用光学Tamm态设计了HfO2/SiO2多层膜结构,在金属钼衬底上实现了中心波长为1.9 μm、半高宽仅为48 nm的窄带高发射(发射率为0.97),系统理论效率为33.7% [11]。Wang Y等人基于相干完美吸收机制,构建了HfO2/Mo/HfO2复合多功能结构,在同一表面上集成了宽谱太阳吸收(可见-近红外平均吸收率约为80%)与窄带热发射(1.8 μm处的发射率约为97%)功能。该结构在高于1373 K的温度下保持稳定,且具备良好的角度不敏感性[71]
为进一步提升性能与调控自由度,如图5(b)所示,Zhang S等人提出了基于双相干增强吸收机制的Si/Mo/AlN多层结构,通过耦合双共振通道实现了中心波长约为1.4 μm、带宽约为530 nm的阶梯型发射谱,系统在1000倍聚光条件下的效率达到31%。该结构在973 K高温下表现出优异的稳定性,且在3~10 μm中红外波段的发射率低于10%,有效抑制了热损失[35]。如图5(c)所示,Lapotin A等人利用带边光谱滤波和背面反射镜,结合双结热光伏电池(带隙为1.0~1.4 eV,对应温度为1900~2400 ℃),实现了40%的系统效率[36]。当发射器和接收器的厚度及其间隙远小于热光子波长时,近场辐射占主导地位。如图5(d)所示,Tang L等人利用边和角结构的电磁角模式和电磁边模式,实现了黑体极限1400倍的近场辐射换热[72]
3 展望与结论
跨尺度光热超构材料通过其多尺度结构设计与多物理场耦合能力,为实现从可见光到甚长波红外的跨波段光谱裁剪提供了有力工具。本文系统综述了该材料体系在光学黑体、红外隐身、辐射制冷以及太阳能热光伏等关键领域的原理与应用进展。目前,基于微纳共振与陷光结构的光学黑体已实现从紫外到远红外的超宽带近完美吸收,为热辐射计量与光热利用奠定了基础;在红外隐身领域,通过光谱解耦设计,成功实现了可见光伪装与红外低探测性的兼容,展现出在多波段对抗中的潜力;在辐射制冷应用中,光热超构材料能够通过选择性辐射与大气窗口的匹配,实现了低于环境温度的日间冷却,并正向规模化、多功能化方向发展;另外,适应极端高温环境的光热超构材料也为突破热光伏系统效率瓶颈提供了关键解决方案。
尽管已取得显著进展,该领域从基础研究走向大规模应用仍面临一系列挑战。在热光伏领域,虽然有研究工作已实现40%的热光伏效率[36],但此项技术还处于实验室研究阶段,对光场和热场实现综合调控仍然极具挑战性。一方面,吸收/发射体的光谱选择性仍有提升空间;另一方面,除了辐射传热,还应考虑发射器和吸收器的界面热阻,筛选耐高温(大于1300 K)、与现有微纳制备工艺兼容的本征材料[73]
5 (a)热光伏器件及其对应的理想光谱; (b) Si/AlN/Mo原位变温红外光谱[35] ; (c)级联热光伏器件的结构示意图[36] ; (d) SiC平板薄膜的近场辐射换热示意图[72]
Fig. 5 (a) Thermophotovoltaic devices and their corresponding ideal spectra; (b) In-situ temperature-variableinfrared spectra of Si/AlN/Mo [35];(c) Schematic diagram of cascaded thermophotovoltaic devices [36]; (d) Schematic diagram of near-field radiative heat transfer of SiC flat film [72]
光热超构材料在辐射制冷领域已经完成了应用验证,正全力向产业化迈进。多种技术路径[37,74]仍在竞争。系统研究光热超构材料在长期高温氧化、热循环、湿热老化、强紫外/粒子辐照等恶劣条件下的性能演化与失效机制,发展具有本征稳定性或自修复能力的材料新体系,确保其在航天、军事、户外能源等真实场景中的长期服役,也是该领域需要解决的实际问题。
光学黑体领域的关键科学问题是带宽与厚度的制约,如何从理论上解释而不仅仅依据经验主义的试错仍存在发展空间。
在上述领域中,光热超构材料主要从强度的维度进行跨波段光谱裁剪。然而,面对多波段多维(波长、偏振等)探测[38],光学隐身不仅要实现频率域强度的跨波段裁剪,还应考虑空间域的辐射角度调控。此外,结合逆向设计[75-76]、变换光学[77-78]和变换热学[79],光热超构材料的宽角度和跨波段光谱调控或许能够达到实际场景的应用需求。但是,实际落地仍然要面临从实验室原理验证到低成本、跨尺度、大面积的标准化制备问题。因此,需要进一步推动纳米压印[80-85]、卷对卷印刷[82-85]、定向自组装以及跨尺度增材制造等先进工艺的发展,以解决从纳米特征结构到宏观器件集成的低成本、高均匀性、高保真度制造难题。
综上所述,跨尺度光热超构材料作为连接微纳光子学与宏观热管理的前沿交叉领域,其发展不仅深化了人们对光与物质相互作用的理解,更催生了众多颠覆性应用技术。通过持续攻克上述挑战,有望在能源、信息、国防等领域发挥更为关键的作用,为可持续发展与高新技术产业注入新的动力。
致谢
作者感谢南京大学的朱昌浩、刘陈帅宇、任思赟、杨争伟和蒋毅的讨论、建议与帮助。
1 跨波段红外光谱裁剪的应用领域(包括光学黑体、红外隐身、辐射制冷和热光伏)
Fig. 1 Application areas of cross-band infrared spectral tailoring (including optical blackbody, infrared camouflage, radiative cooling, and thermophotovoltaics)
2 (a)远场条件下物体的吸收/反射光谱(η为物体的吸收率或发射率);(b)基于金纳米颗粒的三维金属光热超构材料[27];(c)基于多层膜和锥形结构的梯度谐振器[46];(d)基于飞秒加工技术的金属微腔黑体[47]
Fig. 2 (a)Absorption/reflection spectra of objects under far-field conditions (η is the absorptivity or emissivity of the object);(b) Three-dimensional metallic photothermal metamaterials based on gold nanoparticles [27];(c) Gradient resonators based on multilayer films and conical structures [46];(d) Metal microcavity blackbodies fabricated using femtosecond fabrication technology [47]
3 (a)不同温度下黑体的辐射出射度随波长的变化曲线;(b)理想的红外隐身的光谱;(c)基于多孔氧化铝模板与金纳米颗粒自组装的超材料胶带 [39];(d)基于纳米颗粒自组装空心柱结构的光热超构材料“类皮肤” [40]
Fig. 3 (a)Curves of blackbody radiative exitance versus wavelength at different temperatures; (b) Spectrum of ideal infrared stealth; (c) Metamaterial tape based on self-assembly of porous alumina templateand gold nanoparticles [39]; (d) Skin-like photothermal metamaterial based on self-assembled hollowcolumn structure of nanoparticles [40]
4 辐射制冷的若干理想光谱(适配不同场景):(a)物体温度低于环境温度时的理想吸收率/发射率光谱;(b) Si3N4/Si/Al/Si(基底)样品的SEM界面图和选择性发射谱[51];(c)物体温度高于环境温度时的理想吸收率/发射率光谱;(d)气凝胶中跨尺度散射和反射机理的示意图[53];(e)综合考虑背景天空辐射(红色区域)、大气透射率(蓝色区域)以及空间至地面辐射散热的红外伪装的理想发射率/吸收率光谱(绿色曲线)[54]
Fig. 4 Several ideal spectra of radiation cooling (adapted to different scenarios): (a) Ideal absorptivity/emissivity spectrum when the object temperature is lower than the ambient temperature; (b) SEM interfacediagram and selective emission spectrum of Si3N4/Si/Al/Si(substrate) sample [51];(c) Ideal absorptivity/emissivity spectrum when the object temperature is higher than the ambient temperature;(d) Schematic diagram of hierarchical scattering and reflection mechanism in aerogel [53];(e) Ideal emissivity/absorptivity spectrum(green curve) of infrared camouflage considering background sky radiation(red area), atmospherictransmittance(blue area) and space-to-ground radiation heat dissipation [54]
5 (a)热光伏器件及其对应的理想光谱; (b) Si/AlN/Mo原位变温红外光谱[35] ; (c)级联热光伏器件的结构示意图[36] ; (d) SiC平板薄膜的近场辐射换热示意图[72]
Fig. 5 (a) Thermophotovoltaic devices and their corresponding ideal spectra; (b) In-situ temperature-variableinfrared spectra of Si/AlN/Mo [35];(c) Schematic diagram of cascaded thermophotovoltaic devices [36]; (d) Schematic diagram of near-field radiative heat transfer of SiC flat film [72]
翁诗甫, 徐怡庄. 傅里叶变换红外光谱仪 [M]. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2025.
Chen Y, Wang R, Wang D, et al. Harnessing Near-Infrared Light for Highly Efficient Photocatalysis [J]. ChemSusChem, 2025, 18(3): e202401786.
Xiong R, Ke X, Jia W, et al. Photothermal-coupled solar photocatalytic CO2 reduction with high efficiency and selectivity on a MoO3-x@ZnIn2S4 core-shell S-scheme heterojunction [J]. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2023, 11(5): 2178-2190.
Chen Y, Wang R, Wei H, et al. Efficient liquid phase photothermal catalysis realized by Ag2O/Bi4-O5I2 via heat-localization in a microreactor [J]. Chemical Communications, 2024, 60(30): 4104-4107.
Li G, Huang S, Zhu N, et al. Near-infrared responsive upconversion glass-ceramic@BiOBr heterojunction for enhanced photodegradation performances of norfloxacin [J]. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2021, 403: 123981.
Chen Y, Fang J, Dai B, et al. Photothermal effect enhanced photocatalysis realized by photonic crystal and microreactor [J]. Applied Surface Science, 2020, 534: 147640.
Zhou Z, Zhu H, Wu S, et al. The combination of S-doped ZIF-8 with graphene oxide for enhanced near-infrared light photocatalytic and photothermal sterilization [J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2023, 455: 140857.
Yang Z, Wu Z-Y, Lin Z, et al. Optically selective catalyst design with minimized thermal emission for facilitating photothermal catalysis [J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 7599.
Yuan Y, Zhou L, Robatjazi H, et al. Earth-abundant photocatalyst for H2 generation from NH3 with light-emitting diode illumination [J]. Science, 2022, 378(6622): 889-893.
Fu H, Wu Y, Guo Y, et al. A scalable solar-driven photocatalytic system for separated H2 and O2 production from water [J]. Nature Communications, 2025, 16(1): 990.
Yang S, Che W, Shao Y, et al. Advancements and prospects of near-infrared-light driven CO2 reduction reaction [J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2025, 54(15): 7174-7215.
Hu C, Chen X, Low J, et al. Near-infrared-featured broadband CO2 reduction with water to hydrocarbons by surface plasmon [J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 221.
Gamelas S R D, Tomé J P C, Tomé A C, et al. Advances in photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants in wastewaters: harnessing the power of phthalocyanines and phthalocyanine-containing materials [J]. RSC Advances, 2023, 13(48): 33957-33993.
Fox M. Optical Properties of Solids [M]. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.
Bertoldi K, Vitelli V, Christensen J, et al. Flexible mechanical metamaterials [J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2017, 2(11): 17066.
Surjadi J U, Gao L, Du H, et al. Mechanical Metamaterials and Their Engineering Applications [J]. Advanced Engineering Materials, 2019, 21(3): 1800864.
Jiao P, Mueller J, Raney J R, et al. Mechanical metamaterials and beyond [J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14(1): 6004.
Fan C Z, Gao Y, Huang J P. Shaped graded materials with an apparent negative thermal conductivity [J]. Applied Physics Letters, 2008, 92(25): 251907.
Li Y, Li W, Han T, et al. Transforming heat transfer with thermal metamaterials and devices [J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2021, 6(6): 488-507.
Landy N I, Sajuyigbe S, Mock J J, et al. Perfect Metamaterial Absorber [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2008, 100(20): 207402.
Cui T J, Li L, Liu S, et al. Information Metamaterial Systems [J]. iScience, 2020, 23(8): 101403.
Ma G, Sheng P. Acoustic metamaterials: From local resonances to broad horizons [J]. Science Advances, 2016, 2(2): e1501595.
Shah T, Brendel C, Peano V, et al. Colloquium: Topologically protected transport in engineered mechanical systems [J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2024, 96(2): 021002.
Yu N, Genevet P, Kats M A, et al. Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction [J]. Science, 2011, 334(6054): 333-337.
Chu H, Xiong X, Fang N X, et al. Matte surfaces with broadband transparency enabled by highly asymmetric diffusion of white light [J]. Science Advances, 2024, 10(11): eadm8061.
Zhou L, Tan Y, Ji D, et al. Self-assembly of highly efficient, broadband plasmonic absorbers for solar steam generation [J]. Science Advances, 2016, 2(4): e1501227.
Zhou L, Tan Y, Wang J, et al. 3D self-assembly of aluminium nanoparticles for plasmon-enhanced solar desalination [J]. Nature Photonics, 2016, 10(6): 393-398.
Polder D, Van Hove M. Theory of Radiative Heat Transfer between Closely Spaced Bodies [J]. Physical Review B, 1971, 4(10): 3303-3314.
Loomis J J, Maris H J. Theory of heat transfer by evanescent electromagnetic waves [J]. Physical Review B, 1994, 50(24): 18517-18524.
Joulain K, Mulet J-P, Marquier F, et al. Surface electromagnetic waves thermally excited: Radiative heat transfer, coherence properties and Casimir forces revisited in the near field [J]. Surface Science Reports, 2005, 57(3): 59-112.
李博文. 近场热光伏的辐射传热实验及性能优化模拟研究 [D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2023.
Li B W. Experimental Study on Radiation Heat Transfer and Performance Optimization Simulation of Near-Field Thermophotovoltaics [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2023.
张文斌, 王博翔, 金圣皓, 等. 耦合激元增强近场热辐射实验研究 [J]. 工程热物理学报, 2025, 46(10): 3315-3320.
Zhang W B, Wang B X, Jin S H, et al. Experimental Study on Near-Field Thermal Radiation Enhanced by Coupled Polaritons [J]. Journal of Engineering Thermophysics, 2025, 46(10): 3315-3320.
Basu S, Zhang Z M, Fu C J. Review of near-field thermal radiation and its application to energy conversion [J]. International Journal of Energy Research, 2009, 33(13): 1203-1232.
Rogalski A. Infrared and Terahertz Detectors [M]. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019.
Zhang S, Zhong F, Lin Z, et al. Spectrum-Selective High-Temperature Tolerant Thermal Emitter by Dual-Coherence Enhanced Absorption for Solar Thermophotovoltaics [J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2024, 12(5): 2301726.
Lapotin A, Schulte K L, Steiner M A, et al. Thermophotovoltaic efficiency of 40% [J]. Nature, 2022, 604(7905): 287-291.
Fan S, Li W. Photonics and thermodynamics concepts in radiative cooling [J]. Nature Photonics, 2022, 16(3): 182-190.
Bao F, Wang X, Sureshbabu S H, et al. Heat-assisted detection and ranging [J]. Nature, 2023, 619(7971): 743-748.
Lin Z, Wu Q, Liu X, et al. Flexible Meta-Tape with Wide Gamut, Low Lightness and Low Infrared Emissivity for Visible-Infrared Camouflage [J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(52): 2410336.
Fang S, Xu N, Zhou L, et al. Self-assembled skin-like metamaterials for dual-band camouflage [J]. Science Advances, 2024, 10(25): eadl1896.
Fan Z, Hwang T, Lin S, et al. Directional thermal emission and display using pixelated non-imaging micro-optics [J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 4544.
Zhang Y, Wang Q, Xiao M, et al. Polarization vortices of thermal emission [J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(38): eadx6252.
王虎, 陈钦芳, 马占鹏, 等. 杂散光抑制与评估技术发展与展望(特邀) [J]. 光子学报, 2022, 51(7): 125-180.
Wang H, Chen Q F, Ma Z P, et al. Development and Prospect of Stray Light Suppression and Evaluation Technology (Invited) [J]. Acta Photonica Sinica, 2022, 51(7): 125-180.
李秀举, 曹琦, 周树添, 等. FY-4B GHI长波红外波段的发射前辐射表征和定标 [J]. 光学学报, 2023, 43(12): 163-174.
Li X J, Cao Q, Zhou S T, et al. Prelaunch Radiometric Characterization and Calibration for Long Wave Infrared Band of FY-4B GHI [J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2023, 43(12): 163-174.
Wang Y, Ma H, Yu J, et al. All-Dielectric Insulated 3D Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Enhanced Self-Floating Solar Evaporation under One Sun [J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2023, 11(7): 2201907.
Ren Z, Yang Z, Mu W, et al. Ultra-Broadband Perfect Absorbers Based on Biomimetic Metamaterials with Dual Coupling Gradient Resonators [J]. Advanced Materials, 2025, 37(11): 2416314.
Ng C-K, Chen T, Ju B-F, et al. Pixel-level metal blackbody microcavities via hierarchical laser writing [J]. Science Advances, 2025, 11(9): eadu0608.
尚效合, 仲帆, 尚劲光, 等. 基于超表面的热辐射调控与红外应用(特邀) [J]. 光学学报, 2024, 44(19): 1925001.
Shang X H, Zhong F, Shang J G, et al. Thermal Emission Manipulation and Its Infrared Applications Based on Metasurfaces (Invited) [J]. Acta Optica Sinica, 2024, 44(19): 1925001.
Greffet J-J, Carminati R, Joulain K, et al. Coherent emission of light by thermal sources [J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6876): 61-64.
Xu J, Mandal J, Raman A P. Broadband directional control of thermal emission [J]. Science, 2021, 372(6540): 393-397.
Chen Z, Zhu L, Raman A, et al. Radiative cooling to deep sub-freezing temperatures through a 24-h day-night cycle [J]. Nature Communications, 2016, 7(1): 13729.
Rephaeli E, Raman A, Fan S. Ultrabroadband Photonic Structures To Achieve High-Performance Daytime Radiative Cooling [J]. Nano Letters, 2013, 13(4): 1457-1461.
Chan K-Y, Shen X, Yang J, et al. Scalable anisotropic cooling aerogels by additive freeze-casting [J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 5553.
Qin B, Zhu H, Zhu R, et al. Space-to-ground infrared camouflage with radiative heat dissipation [J]. Light: Science & Applications, 2025, 14(1): 137.
Xu C, Stiubianu G T, Gorodetsky A A. Adaptive infrared-reflecting systems inspired by cephalopods [J]. Science, 2018, 359(6383): 1495-1500.
连红奎, 李艳, 束光阳子, 等. 我国工业余热回收利用技术综述 [J]. 节能技术, 2011, 29(2): 123-128.
Lian H K, Li Y, Shu G Y Z, et al. An Overview of Domestic Technologies for Waste Heat Utilization [J]. Energy Conservation Technology, 2011, 29(2): 123-128.
路哲. 我国工业余热回收利用技术现状分析 [J]. 装备制造技术, 2019, 19(12): 204-206.
Lu Z. Analysis on Current Situation of Industrial Waste Heat Recovery in China [J]. Equipment Manufacturing Technology, 2019, 19(12): 204-206.
Nils-Peter H, Peter W. Theoretical limits of thermophotovoltaic solar energy conversion [J]. Semiconductor Science and Technology, 2003, 18(5): S151.
Shockley W, Queisser H J. Detailed Balance Limit of Efficiency of p-n Junction Solar Cells [J]. Journal of Applied Physics, 1961, 32(3): 510-519.
Lee B J, Zhang Z M. Lateral Shifts in Near-Field Thermal Radiation with Surface Phonon Polaritons [J]. Nanoscale and Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2008, 12(3): 238-250.
Basu S, Lee B J, Zhang Z M. Near-Field Radiation Calculated with an Improved Dielectric Function Model for Doped Silicon [J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 2009, 132(2): 023302.
Liu X L, Zhang R Z, Zhang Z M. Near-field radiative heat transfer with doped-silicon nanostructured metamaterials [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2014, 73: 389-398.
Kralik T, Hanzelka P, Zobac M, et al. Strong Near-Field Enhancement of Radiative Heat Transfer between Metallic Surfaces [J]. Physical Review Letters, 2012, 109(22): 224302.
Tsurimaki Y, Chapuis P-O, Okajima J, et al. Coherent regime and far-to-near-field transition for radiative heat transfer [J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2017, 187: 310-321.
Mulet J-P, Joulain K, Carminati R, et al. Enhanced radiative heat transfer at nanometric distances [J]. Microscale Thermophysical Engineering, 2002, 3(6): 209-222.
Papadakis G T, Buddhiraju S, Zhao Z, et al. Broadening Near-Field Emission for Performance Enhancement in Thermophotovoltaics [J]. Nano Letters, 2020, 20(3): 1654-1661.
Yang Y, Chang J-Y, Sabbaghi P, et al. Performance Analysis of a Near-Field Thermophotovoltaic Device With a Metallodielectric Selective Emitter and Electrical Contacts for the Photovoltaic Cell [J]. Journal of Heat Transfer, 2017, 139(5): 052701.
Yu H, Duan Y, Yang Z. Selectively enhanced near-field radiative transfer between plasmonic emitter and GaSb with nanohole and nanowire periodic arrays for thermophotovoltaics [J]. International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2018, 123: 67-74.
Sabbaghi P, Yang Y, Chang J-Y, et al. Near-field thermophotovoltaic energy conversion by excitation of magnetic polariton inside nanometric vacuum gaps with nanostructured Drude emitter and backside reflector [J]. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 2019, 234: 108-114.
Yu H, Liu D, Yang Z, et al. Simple Rectangular Gratings as a Near-Field "Anti-Reflection" Pattern for GaSb TPV Cells [J]. Scientific Reports, 2017, 7(1): 1026.
Wang Y, Zhou L, Zhang Y, et al. Hybrid Solar Absorber-Emitter by Coherence-Enhanced Absorption for Improved Solar Thermophotovoltaic Conversion [J]. Advanced Optical Materials, 2018, 6(24): 1800813.
Tang L, Corrêa L M, Francoeur M, et al. Corner-and edge-mode enhancement of near-field radiative heat transfer [J]. Nature, 2024, 629(8010): 67-73.
Mcsherry S, Webb M, Kaufman J, et al. Nanophotonic control of thermal emission under extreme temperatures in air [J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(10): 1104-1110.
Xiao C, Liu M, Yao K, et al. Ultrabroadband and band-selective thermal meta-emitters by machine learning [J]. Nature, 2025, 643(8070): 80-88.
Ma W, Liu Z, Kudyshev Z A, et al. Deep learning for the design of photonic structures [J]. Nature Photonics, 2021, 15(2): 77-90.
Molesky S, Lin Z, Piggott A Y, et al. Inverse design in nanophotonics [J]. Nature Photonics, 2018, 12(11): 659-670.
Pendry J B, Schurig D, Smith D R. Controlling Electromagnetic Fields [J]. Science, 2006, 312(5781): 1780-1782.
Gabrielli L H, Cardenas J, Poitras C B, et al. Silicon nanostructure cloak operating at optical frequencies [J]. Nature Photonics, 2009, 3(8): 461-463.
Liu Y, Qi Y, Sun F, et al. Active Thermal Metasurfaces Enable Superscattering of Thermal Signatures Across Arbitrary Shapes and Thermal Conductivities [J]. Advanced Science, 2025: 10. 1002/advs. 202519386.
Wen L, Xu R, Mi Y, et al. Multiple nanostructures based on anodized aluminium oxide templates [J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2017, 12(3): 244-250.
Xu R, Zeng Z, Lei Y. Well-defined nanostructuring with designable anodic aluminum oxide template [J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 2435.
Kronenfeld J M, Rother L, Saccone M A, et al. Roll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles [J]. Nature, 2024, 627(8003): 306-312.
Qu Z, Zhang Z, Liu R, et al. High fatigue resistance in a titanium alloy via near-void-free 3D printing [J]. Nature, 2024, 626(8001): 999-1004.
Machado T O, Stubbs C J, Chiaradia V, et al. A renewably sourced, circular photopolymer resin for additive manufacturing [J]. Nature, 2024, 629(8014): 1069-1074.
Zhang J, Bermingham M J, Otte J, et al. Ultrauniform, strong, and ductile 3D-printed titanium alloy through bifunctional alloy design [J]. Science, 2024, 383(6683): 639-645.