Traumatic brain injury is one of the most serious diseases that endanger human health. Sensitive and rapid detection method is a kind of powerful guarantee for the accurate and effective treatment of traumatic brain injury. In recent years, terahertz (THz) wave and Raman spectroscopy have broad application prospects in biomedical diagnosis and other fields due to their complementarity in technology. In this article, the researches of terahertz wave and Raman spectroscopy technology in traumatic brain injury detection were summarized in response to the needs and difficulties of traumatic brain injury diagnosis. Firstly, the development status of THz imaging and THz spectroscopy technology were introduced, and the applications of the two technologies in traumatic brain injury detection were also introduced, respectively. In addition, the principle and classification of Raman spectroscopy were summarized, and the researches of Raman spectroscopy in the detection of traumatic brain injury tissues, body fluids and biomarkers were discussed. Finally, the development trend of THz wave and Raman spectroscopy in the detection of traumatic brain injury was analyzed, which provides a new research idea for the application of THz wave and Raman spectroscopy in the rapid and accurate diagnosis of traumatic brain injury.