Taking the polarized hyperspectral reflectance of the farmland soil in northeast China as the object to be studied, the reflective spectral characteristics of soil and their relations with soil fertility are analyzed in terms of zenith angle, incident angle, polarization and so on. The results show that multi-angle measurement may affect the reflective spectral characteristics of soil. This is mainly reflected in the polarized reflection ratio. When the measurement is carried out at the azimuth angle of 180° and the polarizing angle of 90°, the soil would receive more energy so that its polarized reflectance is higher. The soil fertility is obviously correlated with the polarized reflectance of soil. The greater the composite index of soil fertility is, the lower the polarization reflectance of soil is. Under the best remote sensing observation condition of farmland soil, the quality of soil fertility is judged preliminary. This provides a certain theoretical and practical basis for the further study of multi-angle polarized hyperspectra of soil and can provide a reference for the related study of balanced fertilization of crops, precision farming and quantitative remote sensing of soil.